comment on this calibration
Proboscidea
Lineage (NCBI):
root
» Eukaryota
» Opisthokonta
» Metazoa
» Eumetazoa
» Bilateria
» Coelomata
» Deuterostomia
» Chordata
» Craniata <chordata>
» Vertebrata <Metazoa>
» Gnathostomata <vertebrate>
» Euteleostomi
» Sarcopterygii
» Tetrapoda
» Amniota
» Mammalia
» Theria <Mammalia>
» Eutheria
» Afrotheria
» Proboscidea <mammal>
» Elephantidae
| node name Proboscidea Look for this name in NCBI Wikipedia Animal Diversity Web | ||
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recommended citations http://palaeo-electronica.org/content/fc-1 Benton et al. 2015 |
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node minimum age 5.33 Ma The oldest crown proboscideans are represented by cheek teeth from the upper Miocene, including the Lukeino Formation (Kenya) and Toros Menalla (Chad). While Toros Menalla is likely older, both correlate to the Messinian marine stage with a minimum bound of 5.33 Ma (Sanders et al., 2010; Gradstein et al., 2012). | ||
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node maximum age 23.03 Ma Paleogene strata have yielded abundant proboscidean remains, spanning the upper Paleocene (Gheerbrant, 2009) through the early Miocene (Sanders et al., 2010). Sediments prior to the Miocene lack any fossils remotely similar to members of Elephantinae. Hence, we define the paleontological soft maximum constraint as the Oligocene-Miocene boundary, equivalent to the base of the Aquitanian marine stage at 23.03 Ma. | ||
| primary fossil used to date this node | ||
KNM LU 916 | ||
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phylogenetic justification
Following Sanders et al. (2010), isolated teeth from the African sites mentioned above exhibit loxodont apomorphies, including propeller or lozenge shaped wear patterns. |
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phylogenetic reference(s)
Sanders, W. J., Gheerbrant, E., Harris, J. M., Saegusa, H. & Delmer, C. (2010) Proboscidea. In: Cenozoic Mammals of Africa, (Werdelin, L. & Sanders, W. J., eds.). pp. 161-251. University of California Press, Berkeley.
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| tree image (click image for full size) | ||
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